Northvolt didn’t just run out of money. It ran out of ways to change direction.
For a few years, Northvolt carried far more than a balance sheet. It carried Europe’s story about itself: that the continent could still build strategic industries, secure its own energy future, and turn circularity from a slide into a system. Then, in less than two years, that story went from European flagship to bankruptcy proceedings and asset sales. The mission didn’t suddenly become wrong. The architecture ran out of room to move when the future stopped cooperating.
This is not a post about Northvolt’s management. It is an article about what happens when ecosystem ambition scales faster than the operating system needed to keep it coherent – especially when optionality and volatility stop being theoretical and start showing up in the numbers. In plain terms, that is just how much room to move your design still leaves you, and how quickly the world forces you to use it. Looked at through that lens, Northvolt is a textbook case of ecosystem entrapment: a design that gradually traded away future freedom for speed and scale.
When the story still worked
On paper, Northvolt did many of the “right” things.